Venus real color
The Earth seen from Apollo 17
This section will be for planets with atmosphere. The wonderful thing is that when calculating, for planet Venus we obtain the Venus' mean surface temperature T.atmo.mean.venus = 733,66 K
This section will be for planets with atmosphere.
In our solar system we are very fortunate to have various types of planets and moons to compare.
There are planets with thin atmosphere, and there are planets with thick atmosphere, a very dense atmosphere.
An example of a thin atmosphere is the Earth's.
An example of a thick and very dense atmosphere is the Venus'.
As we can see, planets with thin atmosphere have a very small addition to the surface mean temperature caused by their traces greenhouse gases.
But when it comes to the Venus, or to the gases giants - they have very strong greenhouse effects.
Consequently, when interracting with the emitted back to surface from the greenhouse gases IR emission energy the surface gets additionally warmed in the same exactly way as it gets warmed from the solar flux without atmosphere.
So what we have here is the surface getting warmed from two different sources, the solar flux and the greenhouse gases IR emission energy.
And the wonderful thing is that when calculating, for planet Venus we obtain the Venus' mean surface temperature
T.atmo.mean.venus = 733,66 K.
Venus' Without-Atmosphere Mean Surface Temperature calculation.
R = 0,723 AU, is the Venus’ distance from the sun in astronomical units
1/R² = 1,9130
Venus’ albedo: avenus = 0,76 Bond
Venus is a gases planet, Venus’ solar irradiation accepting factor Φvenus = 1
β = 150 days*gr*oC/rotation*cal – is the Rotating Planet Surface Solar Irradiation INTERACTING-Emitting Universal Law constant
1/243 rotations /per day, is the planet's Venus sidereal rotation spin.
On the Venus atmosphere winds are 60 times faster than the planet's Venus sidereal rotation spin. Since Venus has very thick atmosphere and being considered a gases planet, the Venus' rotation spin will be calculated as
N = 60* 1/243 = 60/243 = 0,24691 rotations per day
cp.venus = 0,19 cal/gr*oC, it is because the surface is regolith – dry soil
σ = 5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant So = 1.362 W/m² (So is the Solar constant)
Venus’ Without-Atmosphere Mean Surface Temperature Equation Tmean.venus is:
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Tmean.venus = [ Φ (1-a) So (1/R²) (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴
Τmean.venus = [ 1(1-0,76)1.362 W/m² 1,9130*(150 days*gr*oC/rotation*cal *0,24691rotations/day*0,19 cal/gr*oC)¹∕ ⁴ /4*5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴ ]¹∕ ⁴ =
Τmean.venus = [ 0,24*1.362 W/m²1,9130*(150*0,24691*0,19)¹∕ ⁴ /4*5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴ ]¹∕ ⁴ =
= [ 0,24*1.362 W/m²1,9130*(1,6287) /4*5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴ ]¹∕ ⁴ =
Τmean.venus = ( 4.490.620.150,82 )¹∕ ⁴ =
Tmean.venus = 258,87 K
And we compare it with the
Tsat.mean.venus = 735 K, measured by satellites.
What we see here is that planet Venus has a strong greenhouse warming effect due to the greenhouse gas CO2 96,5 % high content in the Venus' atmosphere.
D * X /Y is the atmosphere Greenhouse gases warming effect parameter (the greenhouse gases' partial density). Τmean.atmo.venus = 733,66 K
The new equation is completed now with the atmospheric terms and again gives remarkable results:
It is the greenhouse gases' partial density...
Tmean.atmo - is the planet's surface mean temperature ( with or without atmosphere ) equation
D - is atmosphere's ground density kg/m³
X - is the sum of greenhouse gases % content multiplied by mole weight
Y - is the sum of all the gases % content multiplied by mole weight
X /Y - is the atmosphere Greenhouse gases content coefficient
D * X /Y - is the atmosphere Greenhouse gases warming effect parameter ( the greenhouse gases' partial density )
Tmean = [ Φ (1 - a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴
And
Tmean.atmo = { Φ (1 - a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ ( 1 + D *X/Y ) /4σ }¹∕ ⁴ =
Tmean.atmo = { Φ (1 - a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ [ 1 + D *( Gr.coeff.) ] /4σ }¹∕ ⁴ =
Tmean.atmo = { Φ (1 - a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ [ 1 + D *( Greenhouse coefficient) ] /4σ }¹∕ ⁴
Tmean.atmo = { Φ (1 - a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ [ 1 + D kg/m³ *( X%* mole weight of greenhouse gas) mol / (sum of Y% * mole weight of all atmosphere gases content) mol*kg/m³ ] /4σ }¹∕ ⁴ =
Examples:
Earth's atmosphere composition:
78,98 % N2 (14*2 = 28),
20,95 % O2 (16*2 = 32),
1 % H2O (1*2 + 16 = 18) water is a greenhouse gas,
0,04 % CO2 (12 + 2*16 = 44) carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas
Earth's atmosphere ground density is D = 1,23 kg/m³
Τmean.atmo.earth =
= Tmean.earth * { 1 + D kg/m³ [ (1% * 18 + 0,04% * 44) mol / (78,98% * 28 + 20,95% * 32 + 1% * 18 + 0,04% * 44) mol*kg/m³ ] }¹∕ ⁴ =
= Tmean.earth * { 1 + D kg/m³ [ (0,01 * 18 + 0,0004 * 44) mol / (0,7898 * 28 + 0,2095 * 32 + 0,01 * 18 + 0,0004 * 44) mol*kg/m³ ] }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 288 K * { 1 + 1,23 kg/m³ [ (0,18 + 0,0176 ) mol / (22,1144 + 6,704 + 0,18 + 0,0176) mol*kg/m³ ] }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 288 K * { 1 + 1,23 kg/m³ [ (0,1976 ) mol / (29,016) mol*kg/m³ ] }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 288 K * { 1 + 0,00681 ] }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 288 K * { 1,00681 }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 288 K * 1,0016982 = 288,49 K
Earth has a small content of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Also Earth's atmosphere density is low. That is why Earth's the D * X/Y parameter is very low.
Titan's atmosphere composition:
95 % N2 (2*14 = 28),
5 % CH4 (12 + 1*4 = 16) methane is a greenhouse gas
Titan's atmosphere ground density
D = 1,48*1,23 kg/m³ = 1,8204 kg/m³
because the atmosphere pressure on the Titan's ground is 1,48 of that of Earth's.
Τmean.atmo.titan =
= Tmean.titan * { 1 + D kg/m³ [ (5% * 16) mol / (95% * 28 + 5% * 16) mol*kg/m³ ] }¹∕ ⁴ =
= Tmean.titan * { 1 + D kg/m³ [ (0,05 * 16) mol / (0,95 * 28 + 0,05 * 16) mol*kg/m³ ] }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 93,10 K*{ 1 + 1,48*1,23 kg/m³ [ (0,80 ) mol / (26,60 + 0,80) mol*kg/m³ ] }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 93,10 K*{ 1 + 1,8204 kg/m³ [ (0,80 ) mol / (27,4 ) mol*kg/m³ ] }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 93,10 K*{ 1 + 0,05315 }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 93,10 K*{ 1,05315 }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 93,10 K*1,01303 = 94,31 K
( 93,7 K is the measured )
Titan has a small content of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Also Titan's atmosphere density is low. That is why Titan's the D * X/Y parameter is very low.
Venus' atmosphere composition:
96,5 % CO2 (12 + 16*2 = 44) carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas
3,5 % N2 (14*2 = 28)
Venus' atmosphere ground density D = 65 kg/m³
The Tmean.venus is calculated with the rotational spin of Venusian winds velosity, which is 60 times faster than Venus' planet rotational spin, so
N.venus = 60/243 = 0,24691 rot /day
when calculated without atmosphere
Tmean.venus = [ Φ (1 - a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴
Tmean.venus = 258,85 K
Τmean.atmo.venus =
= Tmean.venus * { 1 + D kg/m³[ 96,5% * 44 mol / (3,5% * 28 + 96,5% * 44) mol*kg/m³ ] }¹∕ ⁴ =
= Tmean.venus * { 1 + D kg/m³[ 0,965 * 44 mol / (0,035 * 28 + 0,965 * 44) mol*kg/m³ ] }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 258,85 K * {1 + 65 kg/m³ [ 0,965 * 44 mol / (0,035 * 28 + 0,965 * 44) mol*kg/m³ ] }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 258,85 K * {1 + 65 kg/m³ [ 42,46 mol /(0,98 + 42,46) mol*kg/m³ ] }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 258,85 K * {1 + 65 kg/m³ [ 42,46 mol /(43,44) mol*kg/m³ ] }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 258,85 K * { 1 + 63,534 }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 258,85 K * { 64,534 }¹∕ ⁴ =
= 258,85 K * 2,8343 = 733,66 K
Τmean.atmo.venus = 733,66 K
(The measured is 735 K or 737 K)
Venus has a high content of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Also Venus has a high atmosphere ground density.
That is why Venus' the D * X/Y parameter is very high.
Important notice:
The Tmean.venus is calculated with the rotational spin of Venusian winds velocity, which is 60 times faster than Venus' planet rotational spin
N.venus = 60/243 = 0,24691 rot /day
This information is essential to calculate Venus' without atmosphere mean surface temperature Tmean.venus = 258,85 K.
The dimensionless partial density D * X/Y
As you can see the influence on the planet mean surface temperature from the greenhouse gasses content depends on the greenhouse gases' dimensionless partial density D * X/Y.
For Earth = 0,00681
For Titan = 0,05315
For Venus = 63,534
For Venus the D * X/Y is five (5) orders of magnitude higher than that of Earth.
And, for Venus, it is four (4) orders of magnitude higher than that on Titan.
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The Gases planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have a small content of greenhouse gasses in their atmosphere.
Nevertheless, these planets have very strong greenhouse effect, because their atmosphere density D is very high.
Thus the D * X/Y parameter (the dimensionless partial density D * X/Y) for Gases planets appears to be very much high.
What would be Venus' surface temperature at Earth distance or 1 AU?
"Venus rocky surface [or roughly all of it’s mass] is slowest rotating known body in the universe and it’s average distance from the Sun is 108.21 million km or .723 AU.
If Venus were to continue this rotational speed but be at Earth distance or 1 AU, what temperature would it be?"
Answer:
Venus has mean surface temperature (measured)
Tmean =735K.
If we assume everything else is the same (Albedo, Φ, speed of Venusian winds, atmosphere density and atmosphere gases content) we should use the distance from the sun reverse square law...
The temperature of Venus will be then
Tmean =625K
Gaseous planets have similar atmospheric gases content.
I have the gaseous planets at 1 bar level the satellite measured temperatures comparison in relation to the gaseous planets’ rotational spins.
Gaseous planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) have similar atmospheric gases content. The more close the content is the better the satellite measured temperatures relate in accordance to the Rotational Warming Phenomenon.
Link:
Venus has a strong runaway greenhouse effect.
On Earth the CO2 is dissolved in oceanic waters. That is why there is not a runaway greenhouse effect on Earth's surface.
The closer to sun Venus couldn’t have liquid water. The water vapor vanished in space, since it is a lighter gas. As a result on Venus the entire CO2 is in atmosphere – thus the very strong runaway greenhouse effect.
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Let’s continue the Venus/Earth comparison :
Atmosphere of Venus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus
Height Temp. Atmospheric pressure
(km) (°C)……….(atm)
0 ….. 462 … 92.10
5 ….. 424 … 66.65
10 …. 385 … 47.39
15 …. 348 … 33.04
20 …. 306 … 22.52
25 …. 264 … 14.93
30 …. 222 … 9.851
35 …. 180 … 5.917
40 …. 143 … 3.501
45 …. 110 … 1.979
50 …. 75 … 1.066
55 …. 27 … 0.531 4
60 …. −10 … 0.235 7
65 …. −30 … 0.097 65
70 …. −43 … 0.036 90
80 …. −76 … 0.004 760
90 …. −104 .. 0.000 373 6
100 … −112 .. 0.000 026 60
Venus has a runaway atmospheric greenhouse effect.
Albedo a = 0,76 (Bond), S= 2601 W/m²
(1 – 0,76)*2601 W/m² = 624 W/m²
Earth Albedo a = 0,306 (Bond), So = 1361 W/m²
(1 – 0,306)*1361 W/m² = 945 W/m²
Let’s compare:
Earth 945 W/m² 1 atm., CO2 0,04%, 14 (°C)
Venus 624 W/m² 0,235 atm., CO2 96,5%, -10 (°C)
Venus
624/945 = 0,66
0,235*96,5 = 22,68
0,66*22,68 = 14,97
Earth
945/945 = 1
1*0,04 = 0,04
1*0,04 = 0,04
Let’s continue the Venus/Earth comparison :
14,97/0,04 = 374 times more CO2 but the temperature is -10(°C)