Europa: Imaged on 7 September 1996 by Galileo spacecraft.
7. Europa’s (Jupiter’s satellite) Mean Surface Temperature Calculation
Tmean.europa
So = 1.361 W/m² (So is the Solar constant)
Europa’s albedo: aeuropa = 0,63
Europa is an ice-crust planet (rocky) without atmosphere, Europa’s surface irradiation accepting factor Φeuropa = 0,47
Europa’s surface consists of water ice crust
Cp.europa = 1cal/gr*oC
1/R² = 1/5,2044² = 0,0369 times lesser is the solar irradiation on Jupiter than that on Earth, the same on its satellite Europa.
Europa’s orbital period is 3,5512 d
Europa’s sidereal rotation period is synchronous
N = 1/3,5512 rotation /day
β = 150 days*gr*oC/rotation*cal – it is the Planet Surface Solar Irradiation INTERACTING-Emitting Universal Law constant
σ = 5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴, a Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Europa’s mean surface temperature equation Tmean.europa is:
Tmean.europa = [ Φ (1-a) So (1/R²) (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴
Τmean.europa = { 0,47(1-0,63)1.362 W/m² *0.0369*[150* (1/3,5512)*1]¹∕ ⁴ /4*5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴}¹∕ ⁴ =
Tmean.europa = 99,557 K
Tsat.mean.europa = 102 K (- 171 oC)
Link:
![Jupiter: Near-true colour view in 2019[a]](https://impro.usercontent.one/appid/oneComWsb/domain/cristos-vournas.com/media/cristos-vournas.com/onewebmedia/i285978589388816580.jpg?etag=%221b68c-5db44839af051%22&sourceContentType= "Jupiter: Near-true colour view in 2019[a]")
Jupiter: Near-true colour view in 2019[a]
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https://www.cristos-vournas.com
The faster a planet rotates (n2>n1) the higher is the planet’s average (mean) temperature T↑mean:
Tmin↑→ T↑mean ← T↓max
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Io and Europa
Io and Europa is an example of the planet or moon surface temperatures comparison:
Io and Europa are at the same distance from the sun. Both have the same satellite measured Albedo.
Io (Jupiter's satellite), Albedo a =0,63
Flux _ 50,37 ( W/m² ) Te = 95,16 K
Te.correct = 95,16 K, Φ = 1
Warming Factor (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ = 1,8647
Tsat = 110 K
Europa (Jupiter's satellite), Albedo a =0,63
Flux _ 50,37 ( W/m² ) Te = 95,16 K
Te.correct = 78,83 K, Φ = 0,47
Warming Factor (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ = 2,5494
Tsat = 102 K
110K /102K = 1,0784
[ (1*1,8647 ) /(0,47*2,5494) ]¹∕ ⁴ = 1,1169
1,1169 /1,0784 = 1,0357 or 3,57 %
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