Io: Galileo spacecraft true-color image of Io.

Io: Galileo spacecraft true-color image of Io.

6. Io’s (Jupiter’s satellite) Mean Surface Temperature Calculation

Tmean.io

So = 1.361 W/m² (So is the Solar constant)

Io’s albedo: aio = 0,63

Io is a rocky planet without atmosphere heavy cratered, Io’s surface irradiation accepting factor Φio = 1 

Most of Io's surface is composed of  sulfur and sulfur dioxide frost.

Cp.sulfur = 0,17 cal/gr.oC, Cp.sulfur.dioxide = 0,12 cal/gr.oC 

cp.io = 0,17 cal/gr.oC *0,5 + 0,12 cal/gr.oC *0,5 =

cp.io = 0,145 cal/gr.oC

β = 150 days*gr*oC/rotation*cal – it is the Planet Surface Solar Irradiation INTERACTING-Emitting Universal Law constant

σ = 5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant

1/R² = 1/5,2044² = 0,0369 times lesser is the solar irradiation on Jupiter than that on Earth, the same on its satellite Io.

Io’s orbital period is 1,799 days. Io’s sidereal rotation period is synchronous.

N = 1/1,799 rotations/per day

IO'S MEAN SURFACE TEMPERATURE EQUATION Tmean.io is:

Tmean.io = [ Φ (1-a) So (1/R²) (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴

Τmean.io = { 1*(1-0,63)1.361 W/m² *0.0369*[150*(1/1,799)*0,145]¹∕ ⁴ /4*5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴ }¹∕ ⁴ = 111,55 K

Tmean.io = 111,55 K is the calculated

And the satellite measured is almost identical

Tsat.mean.io = 110 K (- 163 oC)

Jupiter: Near-true colour view in 2019[a]

Jupiter: Near-true colour view in 2019[a]

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https://www.cristos-vournas.com

 The faster a planet rotates (n2>n1) the higher is the planet’s average (mean) temperature T↑mean:

Tmin→ T↑mean ← Tmax

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Io and Europa


Io and Europa is an example of the planet or moon surface temperatures comparison:


Io and Europa are at the same distance from the sun. Both have the same satellite measured Albedo.


Io (Jupiter's satellite), Albedo a =0,63

Flux _ 50,37 ( W/m² ) Te = 95,16 K

Te.correct = 95,16 K, Φ = 1

Warming Factor (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ = 1,8647

Tsat = 110 K



Europa (Jupiter's satellite), Albedo a =0,63

Flux _ 50,37 ( W/m² ) Te = 95,16 K 

Te.correct = 78,83 K, Φ = 0,47

Warming Factor (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ = 2,5494

Tsat = 102 K


110K /102K = 1,0784


[ (1*1,8647 ) /(0,47*2,5494) ]¹∕ ⁴ = 1,1169


1,1169 /1,0784 = 1,0357 or 3,57 %


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