The very powerful the Solar Irradiated planet surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon: ( N*cp )1/16

Planet 2 is warmer than planet 1

because (N2⋅cp2) > (N1⋅cp1)

✍️ In the Figure:


Two bodies subjected to the same solar flux


The Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon

states:


Planets and moons (without atmosphere, or with a thin atmosphere) the mean surface temperatures relate (everything else equal) as their (N*cp) products’ sixteenth root.

The Planet or Moon the Mean Surface Temperature Universal Equation (Tmean) is:

See the derivations further on below.

Written by Christos I. Vournas,

M.sc. mechanical engineer

Key words:


Specular Reflection


Φ - Solar Irradiation Accepting Factor (spherical shape and surface roughness coefficient), for smooth bodies Φ = 0,47 and for rough / porous Φ = 1


Immediate IR Emission


Rotational Warming Phenomenon ( N*cp )1/16



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Table of contents - Links

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Variable definitions 


  • Φ— Solar irradiation accepting factor (≈ 0.47 for smooth-surface planets/moons due to specular reflection on the dayside hemisphere; Φ = 1 for heavily cratered/rough surfaces).
  • a— Bond albedo (dimensionless, 0 to 1).
  • S— Solar flux at the planet's distance (W/m²). For Earth, S = S₀ ≈ 1361 W/m² (solar constant).
  • N— Rotational frequency (rotations per day, or 1/sidereal day length).
  • c_p— Surface specific heat capacity (related to the planet's surface material properties).
  • β— A universal constant in our model (≈ 150 days·g·°C / rotation·cal, tied to  "Rotating Planet Surface Solar Irradiation Absorbing-Emitting Universal Law").
  • σ— Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 × 10^{-8} W/m²K⁴).

Blog

All posts
The Rotational Warming Phenomenon
Physics
The Stefan-Boltzmann Law
The planetary properties
Opponents' Forum
The three observations
The Greenhouse Effect
Planets and Moons average temps comparis
Planets and Moons Mean Temps calculation
Gases planets inner sources denial
Climate change
Mother Nature never considered the coal, oil, and gas as fossil-fuels.
Plants consume H2O for photosynthesis and most importantly they consume CO2, and produce hydrocarbonates... There is stil plenty of water (H2O) on the planet. It is the CO2 what has been dangerously depleted by photosynthesis and has been accumulated in the earth as the coal, oil, and gas. Mother Nature never considered accumulated in the earth as the coal, oil, and gas hydrocarbonates as fossil-fuels. Life on Earth was on the edge of ecological catastrophe - it was the appearance of humans with the fire ignition skills who started burning fuels and releasing the so much necessary for photosynthesis CO2 back into the carbon cycle - back into the life's cycle. - https://www.cristos-vournas.com Grok: Christos Vournas @CVournas44116 · 7h Mother Nature never considered the coal, oil, a... https://cristos-vournas.com/blog/mother-nature-never-considered-the-coal-oil-and-ga… Thought for 11s Christos Vournas, a mechanical engineer, posted a link to his August 13, 2026 blog entry titled "Mothe
13 August 2026
There is culmination phase of warming trend.
There is culmination phase of millennias long orbitally forced warming trend. It is not caused by human activities, fossil fuels burning and etc… The global temperatures will rise for many years, the temperature rise will accelerate. It is a natural process. –
30 June 2026
Nikolov
Nikolov: On the average temperature of airless spherical bodies and the magnitude of Earth’s atmospheric thermal effect | SpringerPlus | Full Text (springeropen.com) "While the average outgoing LW flux of a planet is an observable physical parameter, Te derived from it using Eq. (3) is a mathematical abstraction with no physical analogue at, below or above the surface. Thus, planetary effective emission temperatures are not compatible with measured ph ysical temperatures regardless of the albedo they are based on. In other words, Te is a non-physical quantity with respect to a sphere. Consequently, comparing Earth’s observed global mean surface air temperature (287.6 K) to any Te is bound to produce numerically and theoretically misleading results. The conceptual distinction between Te on one hand and Tna or Ts on the other arises from the mathematical understanding that mean planetary temperatures cannot in principle be inferred from globally averaged radiative fluxes. In this regard,
22 June 2026
The combined double effect (more heat absorption and more even the absorbed heat distribution)
Two bodies subjected to the same flux. It is always there - a strongly irradiated area (24/7), which area moves on the rotating surface, but which always faces sun. The planet 2, whith a higher Ncp product develops lower IR-emitting conditions(temperatures), and the planet 1, with a lower Ncp product develops higher IR-emitting conditions 🟠 Immediate IR1 > Immediate IR2 The planet 2 is not so hot at local noon hours, so it gives Immediatelly out less IR, so less heat is immediatelly lost. The planet 1 is warmer at local noon hours, but those higher temperatures only weakly affect locally the planet average surface temperature rise, as it influences at their first power (T), whereas those higher temperatures - IR emission at fourth power (T^4) - they, at the same time, they lessen the average surface temperature significantly, because those the higher local noon temperatures contemplate for the much higher Immediate IR energy emission. 👉 Tmean2 > Tmean1 The higher Immediate IR emissi
14 June 2026
The planetary temperatures Comparison Criteria Tsat/Te
The planetary temperatures Comparison Criteria Tsat/Te In planetary effective temperature equation (Te) the solar flux (S) is in fourth root. We can rewrite Initial Premise for two identical spheres as: Tmean1/Tmean2 = Te1/Te2 or, for two identical spheres Tmean1/Te1 = Tmean2/Te2 Now, we extend this to two identical bodies, planets and moons, comparing their respective satellite measured temperatures Tsat1 and Tsat2 and write: Tsat1/Te1= Tsat2/Te2 Therefore we have defined the planetary temperatures Comparison Criteria (Tsat/Te). Important notice: For two identical celestial bodies the Tsat1/Te1= Tsat2/Te2 But if for two bodies Tsat1/Te1= Tsat2/Te2 that doesn't necessarilly prove the bodies identical. Link: https://x.com/i/grok/share/059e0e4047e24cfb9c01831274bff707
14 May 2026
They don't absorb according to Lambertian cosin law
Smooth spheres and smooth surface planets and moon, specifically: Mercury, Earth, the Moon, Mars, Europa, Ganymede do not follow Lambertian cosin law because they have strong specular reflection constituents. They do not absorb the entire flux falling on their surface. Link: https://x.com/i/grok/share/4bfaf2f759fc4db4857641e4fc66af72
11 May 2026
1234
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Christos Vournas’ X post links to his blog,http://cristos-vournas.com, where his "Rotational Warming Phenomenon" theory, arguing that Earth’s higher temperature compared to Moon results from its faster rotation and higher surface heat capacity (N*cp), not from Warming Effects from Atmosphere.

Table of contents - Links


0). Explain Rotational Warming Model.


Demonstrate the Initial PREMISE, Links: (1) and (2)


1). The first steps.

2). The Initial PREMISE.

3).The Planetary Temperatures Comparison Criteria.

4). "The total amount of the specularly reflected portion of solar flux"

Link: Φ = 0,47 and FRESNEL

5). How A Planet Retains The Solar Energy - the role of the Immediate IR emission.

6). Φ -Factor is an analogue of the well known Drag Coefficient Cd=0,47

7). “What ‘portion’ of ‘sunlight’ reaches surface of Earth?”

8). The satellites do not measure Bond Albedo.

9). Stefan-Boltzmann formula J = σ T4 W/m² doesn't apply to terrestrial temperatures.

10). The Theoretical Equation.

11). The First Conclusions.


12). The actual reason of the observed Global Warming.

13). The Axial Precession's role in Global Warming.

14). The Original Milankovitch cycle.

15). The Reversed Milankovitch cycle.


16). The higher CO2 content in ice core samples relates to colder periods.

17). Sensible Heat /Latent Heat ratio.

18). The conventional greenhouses, and the role of immediate IR emission.

19). NASA Technical Memorandum An Earth Albedo Model

20). The yearly total Immediate IR Emitted solar energy - in our times - is lower.

21). The yearly total reflected solar energy - in our times - is lower.


Appendix - Links

1). Earth's Corrected Effective Temperature (210 K ) calculation.

2). Earth's Average Surface Temperature (288 K ) calculation.

3). Moon's Corrected Effective Temperature (224 K ) calculation.

4). Moon's Average Surface Temperature (220 K ) calculation.

5). Mars' Corrected Effective Temperature (174 K ) calculation.

6). Mars' Average Surface Temperature (210 K ) calculation.

7). Mercury's Corrected Effective Temperature (364 K ) calculation.

8). Mercury's Average Surface Temperature (340 K ) calculation.

9). Titan's Average Surface Temperature (93,7 K ) calculation.

10). Earth / Mars satellite measured mean surface temperatures 288 K and 210 K comparison.

11). Earth's /Moon's temps 288K /220K comparison.

12). Completed DeepSearch.

13). Blog.

14). Table of data Link: Also view Table 1


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