A planet does not emit at a SINGLE temperature
It was very much mistakenly asserted:
"If you take the average temperature of the earth, you can find the resulting blackbody spectrum."
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We have already demonstrated in the HOME PAGE and elswhere in this site that two planets with the same mean surface temperature (Tmean) may emit dramatically different amounts of INFRARED radiative energy.
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Please see the Moon-Mars comparison data, also see the planet Jupiter's satellites Io - Ganymede Tmean (110K & 110K).
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Therefore, the planet average surface temperature (Tmean) cannot reffer to any kind of the planet average surface the INFRARED radiative energy spectrum!
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I would like to focus here on the issue of the Infrared Spectrum Of The Earth.
A planet emits infrared radiation, when in a radiative energy equilibrium, a planet emits on a constant rate of
Energy out = Energy in
Also a planet has its average surface temperature (Tmean), for Earth it is estimated as Tmean.earth =288K
A planet does not emit at its average surface temperature (Tmean).
Therefore, a planet's average surface temperature (Tmean) cannot be associated with any kind of planet surface Infrared Emission Spectrum!
A planet does not emit at a single temperature
Jemit = σT⁴ W/m²
Earth does not emit
σ(Τmean.earth)⁴= σ*(288)⁴ W/m²
Consequently, the satellite measured infrared (frequency-by-frequency) for some local place the measured infrared emission curve cannot be compared with the planet average surface temperature the alleged (blackbody) emission curve, because there is not any such emission curve, since planet does not emit at its average surface temperature.
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They have confused the emission curves comparison with the emission comparison in the case of stars.
They neglect a very important difference stars and planets have!
Stars have a uniform surface temperature, whereas planets have average surface temperature...
And stars have their own inner infinite source of energy, when planets emit the radiative energy falling and interacting upon their surface.
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Below we demonstrate (some two of the many paradigms in internet) of the unfortunate earth's infrared emission curves comparisons with the earth's alleged blackbody 288K infrared emission curve.
In those unfortunate comparisons the gaps (the missing radiative energy) is attributed to the greenhouse gases radiative energy absorption bands.
What we notice here is that there is not any such absorption take place, because we are not justified to compare those curves!
Actually, there is not any measured emission from earth's surface on those frequencies which is then being absorbed...
Atmospheric gases cannot absorb, what is not emitted by the Earth's surface!
Link 1:"Simulated emission spectrum of the Earth's atmosphere in the zenith..."
Link 2: "The Infrared Spectrum Of The Earth - Origin of Life - Fossil Hunters"
"The Infrared Spectrum Of The Earth
Last Updated on Sun, 11 Dec 2022| Origin of Life
Figure 13.4 shows the infrared emission spectrum of the Earth, as seen from space. This is not the spectrum obtained by the Galileo spacecraft but a much more detailed one obtained by the Nimbus-4 satellite in the 1970s. This particular spectrum was acquired in daytime above the western Pacific Ocean, and has been chosen because it resembles the sort of spectrum that would be obtained from a cloud-free Earth from a great distance, when the light from the whole planet would enter the spectrometer. The vertical scale shows the power emitted from the Earth at each wavelength (note that the wavelength scale is logarithmic - see Section 11.2).
There are several smooth curves, each labelled with a temperature. These correspond to emission from a surface that is black at infrared wavelengths, and has temperatures equal to those shown. There is also a jagged curve displaying much detail. This is the infrared power emitted by the Earth. It is the detail in frequency in millions of megahertz frequency in millions of megahertz wavelength in micrometers."
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What we have discovered is the ROTATING PLANET SPHERICAL SURFACE SOLAR IRRADIATION INTERACTING-EMITTING UNIVERSAL LAW
The non-linearity of the S-B radiation law, when coupled with a strong latitudinal variation of the INTERACTED solar flux across the surface of a sphere, and with the planet rotational spin, and with the average surface specific heat, creates a mathematical condition for a correct calculation of the true global surface temperature from a spatially integrated infrared emission.
Jemit = 4πr²σΤmean⁴ /(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ (W)
Where:
Jemit (W) - is the INFRARED emission flux from the entire planet (the TOTAL)
r - is the planet radius
σ = 5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
β = 150 days*gr*oC/rotation*cal - is the Solar Irradiated Planet INTERACTING-Emitting Universal Law constant – ( the Rotational Warming Factor constant ).
N - rotation /per day, is planet’s rotational spin with reference to the sun in earthen days. Earth's day equals 24 hours= 1 earthen day.
cp - cal/gr*oC- is the planet average surface specific heat
Planet Energy Budget
When planet surface is in radiative equilibrium, planet energy balance should be met: Energy In = Energy Out
Jnot.reflected = Jemit
πr²Φ(1-a)S (W) - is on the entire planet surface the not reflected portion (the TOTAL not reflected) of the incident on planet surface solar flux
Φ - is the planet surface solar irradiation accepting factor (the planet surface spherical shape and the planet surface roughness coefficient).
a - is the planet average surface Albedo (Bond)
S - W/m² - the solar flux at the planet's average distance from the sun.
πr²Φ(1-a)S = 4πr²σTmean⁴ /(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ (W)
Solving for Tmean we obtain the PLANET MEAN SURFACE TEMPERATURE EQUATION:
Tmean.planet = [ Φ (1-a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴ (K) (3)
When interacting with planet surface the solar SW radiative energy on the same very instant does the following: 1). Gets partly SW reflected (diffusely and specularly). 2). Gets partly transformed into the LW radiative emission - the IR emission energy. 3). Gets partly transformed into HEAT, which is accumulated in the inner layers.
In short...
The Rotating Planet Spherical Surface Solar Irradiation Interacting-Emitting Universal Law
Here it is the ENTIRE planet surface IR emittance Universal Law
Jemit = 4πr²σΤmean⁴ /(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ (W)
The solar irradiated rotating sphere (planet) does not emit as a uniform temperature sphere. A planet does not emit in accordance to the classical Stefan-Boltzmann emission law.
4πr²σΤmean⁴ (W) No, planet does not emit at the single temperature Tmean.
Yes, the solar irradiated rotating sphere (planet) emits as a rotating planet in accordance with both, the classical Stefan-Boltzmann emission law and the Newly discovered Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon.
4πr²σΤmean⁴ /(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ (W)
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Let's continue...
Planet Energy Budget:
Jnot.reflected = Jemit
πr²Φ(1-a)S= 4πr²σTmean⁴ /(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ (W)
Solving for Tmean we obtain the PLANET MEAN SURFACE TEMPERATURE EQUATION:
Tmean.planet = [ Φ (1-a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴ (K)
Rotating Planet Spherical Surface Solar Irradiation Interacting-Emitting Universal Law
Planet Energy Budget:
The Amount of Solar energy for further INTERACTION on a Hemisphere with radius "r", after some of the incident energy instantly reflected is:
Jnot.reflected = πr²Φ(1-a)S (W)
What we have now is the following:
Jsw.incoming - Jsw.reflected = Jsw.not.reflected
Φ = (1 - 0,53) = 0,47
Φ = 0,47
Φ is the planet's spherical surface solar irradiation accepting factor.
Jsw.reflected = (0,53 + Φ*a) * Jsw.incoming
And
Jsw.not.reflected = Φ* (1-a) * Jsw.incoming
Where
(0,53 + Φ*a) + Φ* (1-a) = 0,53 + Φ*a + Φ - Φ*a =
= 0,53 + Φ = 0,53 + 0,47 = 1
The solar irradiation reflection, when integrated over a planet sunlit hemisphere is:
Jsw.reflected = (0,53 + Φ*a) * Jsw.incoming
Jsw.reflected = (0,53 + Φ*a) *S *π r²
For a planet with albedo a = 0
we shall have
Jsw.reflected = (0,53 + Φ*0) *S *π r² =
= Jsw.reflected = 0,53 *S *π r²
The fraction left for hemisphere to INTERACT WITH is:
Φ = 1 - 0,53 = 0,47
and
Jnot.reflected = Φ (1 - a ) S π r²
The factor Φ = 0,47 "translates" the "not reflected" of a disk into the "not reflected" of a hemisphere with the same radius. When covering a disk with a hemisphere of the same radius the hemisphere's surface area is 2π r². The incident Solar energy on the hemisphere's area is the same as on disk:
Jdirect = π r² S
The "not reflected" Solar energy by the hemisphere's area of 2π r² is:
Jnot.reflected = 0,47*( 1 - a) π r² S
It happens because a hemisphere of the same radius "r" "not reflects" only the 0,47 part of the directly incident on the disk of the same radius Solar irradiation.
In spite of hemisphere having twice the area of the disk, it "not reflects" only the 0,47 part of the directly incident on the disk Solar irradiation.
Jnot.reflected = Φ (1 - a ) S π r² , where Φ = 0,47 for smooth without atmosphere planets.
and
Φ = 1 for gaseous planets, as Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, Venus, Titan. Gaseous planets do not have a surface to reflect radiation. The solar irradiation is captured in the thousands of kilometers gaseous abyss. The gaseous planets have only the albedo "a".
And Φ = 1 for heavy cratered planets, as Calisto and Rhea ( not smooth surface planets, without atmosphere ). The heavy cratered planets have the ability to capture the incoming light in their multiple craters and canyons. The heavy cratered planets have only the albedo "a".
Another thing that I should explain is that planet's albedo actually doesn't represent a primer reflection. It is a kind of a secondary reflection ( a homogenous dispersion of light also out into space ).
That light is visible and measurable and is called albedo.
The primer reflection from a spherical hemisphere cannot be seen from some distance from the planet. It can only be seen by an observer being on the planet's surface.
It is the blinding surface reflection right in the observer's eye.
That is why the albedo "a" and the factor "Φ" we consider as different values.
Both of them, the albedo "a" and the factor "Φ" cooperate in the Planet Rotating Surface Solar Irradiation Absorbing-Emitting Universal Law:
Jsw.incoming - Jsw.reflected = Jsw.not.reflected
Jsw.not.reflected = Φ * (1-a) * Jsw.incoming
Total energy emitted to space from entire planet:
Jemit = A*σΤmean⁴ /(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ (W)
Α - is the planet's surface (m²)
(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ - dimensionless, is a Rotating Planet Surface Solar Irradiation Warming Factor
A = 4πr² (m²), where r – is the planet's radius
Jemit = 4πr²σTmean⁴ /(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ (W)
global Jabs = global Jemit
πr²Φ(1-a)S = 4πr²σTmean⁴ /(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴
Or after eliminating πr²
Φ(1-a)S = 4σTmean⁴ /(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴
Solving for Tmean we obtain the Planet Mean Surface Temperature Equation:
Tmean.planet = [ Φ (1-a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴ (K)
β = 150 days*gr*oC/rotation*cal – is a Rotating Planet Surface Solar Irradiation INTERACTING-Emitting Universal Law constant – ( the Rotational Warming Factor constant ).
N rotations/day, is the planet’s axial spin
cp – is the planet surface specific heat
cp.earth = 1 cal/gr*oC, it is because Earth has a vast ocean. Generally speaking almost the whole Earth’s surface is wet. We can call Earth a Planet Ocean.
Here (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ - is a dimensionless Rotating Planet Surface Solar Irradiation Warming Factor
σ = 5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Rotating Planet Spherical Surface Solar Irradiation Interacting-Emitting Universal Law:
Jemit = 4πr²σΤmean⁴/(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ (W)
The year-round averaged energy flux at the top of the Earth's atmosphere is Sο = 1.361 W/m².
With an albedo of a = 0,306 and a factor Φ = 0,47 we have Tmean.earth = 287,74 K or 15°C.
This temperature is confirmed by the satellites measured Tmean.earth = 288 K.
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When interacting with planet surface the solar SW radiative energy on the same very instant does the following:
1). Gets partly SW reflected (diffusely and specularly).
2). Gets partly transformed into the LW radiative emission - the IR emission energy.
3). Gets partly transformed into HEAT, which is accumulated in the inner layers.
Jemit = 4πr²σΤmean⁴ /(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ (W)
The Rotating Planet Surface Solar Irradiation Interacting-Emitting Universal Law is based on a simple thought.
It is based on the thought, that physical phenomenon which distracts the "black body" surfaces from the instant emitting the absorbed solar radiative energy back to space, warms the "black body" surfaces up.
In our case those distracting physical phenomena are the planet’s sidereal rotation, N rotations/day, and the planet’s surface specific heat, cp cal/gr oC.
http://www.cristos-vournas.com
The faster a planet rotates (n2>n1) the higher is the planet’s average (mean) temperature T↑mean:
Tmin↑→ T↑mean ← T↓max
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The S-B emission law cannot be applied neither to the planet solar lit side, nor to the planet darkside.
"Nothing, other than the absorbed radiation is what warms the matter to some (local) temperature, which, along with the matter properties, determines the Planck spectrum and S-B flux of the outgoing thermal radiation."
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Well, the planet's dark side cools by emitting to space IR radiation. The dark side's surface heat is the energy source of that IR EM energy emission.
There are not enough thermal energy (heat) at darkside terrestrial temperatures to support the S-B equation emission demands for the darkside respective surface temperatures.
Thus, the outgoing IR EM energy flux from the planet darkside is much-much weaker than what S-B equation predicts for those local temperatures.
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On the planet's solar lit side an interaction of the incident EM energy with surface's matter occurs.
Part of the incident SW EM energy gets reflected (diffusely and specularly).
Another SW part gets instantly transformed into outgoing IR EM energy, and gets out to space.
When SW EM energy gets transformed into IR EM energy, there are always some inevitable energy losses, which dissipate as heat in the interacting surface's matter and gets absorbed in the matter's inner layers.
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The S-B emission law cannot be applied neither to the planet solar lit side, nor to the planet darkside.
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Notice:
The Effective temperature (1) and (2) equations (Te and Te.correct) helped us to have formulated the Planet Mean Surface Temperature Theoretical Equation:
Tmean = [ Φ (1-a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴ (K) (3)
But the Planet Mean Surface Temperature Theoretical Equation is based on different than the Planet Blackbody Effective Temperature (Te and Te.correct) physics principles.
“Then why isn't the non-spinning Moon
at 0 Kelvin?”
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Good question. Here it is what happens. Moon doesn’t rotate about its own axis, but nevertheless, Moon orbits Earth, and by orbiting Earth there is a diurnal cycle (the day-night change) the solar irradiated and the dark periods on Moon’s surface.
For the cause of my research it doesn’t matter if Moon rotates on its own axis. What matters is Moon actually having a sunrise and a sundown, like Earth and all other planets and moons in solar system have.
And everywhere else in the Universe, planets and moons, since they orbiting their respective mother star, all of them have the succession of day and night, all of them have diurnal cycle – because when an object in space orbits a star, inevitably all the sides of the object get subjected to the EM energy interaction processes.
”So it’s not about spin at all.
What you are saying is that objects with a shorter diurnal period have a higher average temperature than objects with a longer diurnal period.
Whether the diurnal period is due to spin, orbital period, tidal locking or some combination of factors does not matter.”
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Yes, exactly – everything else equals – “objects with a shorter diurnal period have a higher average temperature than objects with a longer diurnal period”.
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"Since the mean solar day is determined by a combination of axial rotation and orbital motion you need to change your notation from rotation to mean solar day wherever you mention rotation."
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_time
Yes, I have changed it for planet Mercury, and for our Moon, because for those bodies the combination of axial rotation and orbital motion creates a significant difference to mean solar day.
For the rest planets and moons the combination of axial rotation and orbital motion doesn't create a difference to mean solar day of some significance.
The difference, for the case of my research is very insignificant, except for the above mentioned planet Mercury and our Moon.
The Planet (or moon) Blackbody Equilibrium Temperature, it is also called "The planet (or moon) Effective Temperature (Te)", it is a very Simplistic Science.
The planet (or moon) Effective Temperature estimation, which is a purely theoretical, it is based only on two major planetary surface parameters:
1). The solar flux (S) - which is the solar EM energy intensity on the planet's orbital distance from the sun.
2). The planet's average Albedo (a) - the diffuselly reflected part of incoming solar energy.
The not reflected solar energy is then being averaged over the entire planet surface.
And by the use of Stefan-Boltzmann emission law, the Planet Effective Temperature (Te) is being calculated.
As a result we have the planet uniform surface temperature (Te), which is a very approximate theoretical temperature.
So far - so good! But what happens next?
It is proclaimed then, that the planet Effective Temperature (Te), the theoretically calculated temperature, is the maximum temperature a planet without-atmosphere can reach, because there is a mathematical constraint.
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What we have discovered is that the planet Effective Temperature (Te) is not the maximum temperature a planet (or moon) without-atmosphere can reach, because by solar EM energy warmed celestial bodies temperatures are not mathematically constrained.
Planets and moons also have other three major planetary surface parameters, which have been neglected, namely:
3). Rotational spin (N) - rot/day.
4). Average surface specific heat (cp) - cal/grad*oC.
5). The solar irradiation accepting factor (Φ) - (the planet surface spherical shape and the planet surface roughness coefficient).
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"Kuhn postulated that in the usual state of affairs there is general agreement to a group of core beliefs that structure people's theories, that's a paradigm, and the work done within it he called normal science.
The current paradigm for climate change is the CO2 driven anthropogenic global warming theory.
If you want to change how the scientists think and what the teachers teach, you need a new paradigm.
You won’t get anyone to accept a new paradigm just by saying the evidence is wrong. You need to find a new idea which explains the existing evidence better than CO2 AGW does."
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Let’s not confuse Kuhn’s work on paradigms with the attempted anthropogenic paradigm. Kuhn’s work criticized the use of paradigms as being detrimental to science. That’s exactly what the anthropogenic theory is doing to science, imposing consensus in an attempt to subvert accepted science.
In March we have the same solar hours duration as in September.
The sun shines from the same high.
In September is much warmer at night, we still wear short sleeves.
But not in March. In March at nights is cold, in March at nights is cold, it is unpleasant even to stay outdoors at night.
Solar energy gets accumulated slowly. Also it gets slowly released to space. When there are more solar hours – at summer - gradually more solar energy has kept.
It is not the atmosphere, it is the land and it is the water which accumulate heat.
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And it is final – Earth is warmer than Moon, not because of its atmosphere, but because of the
Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon.
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